Introduction to cognition psychology
Psych 253
Review Sheet for Exam 2
This review will give an overview of the concepts that you will be asked about on the first exam. Please understand that it is not an exhaustive list of all of the vocabulary terms since I’d like you to focus on the concepts and not memorization. The exam will be open notes and open book so feel free to use them.
The exam will be during class and will take approximately 30 minutes during which you will complete multiple choice questions on Canvas. Remember that you can use peerwise questions created by your fellow students for review this week even if you did not create one! You will not earn extra credit for it at this point, but it may help you to study. There are 50 questions for you to practice on.
Chapter 4: Object recognition
Dorsal vs ventral pathway in the visual system
Inverse Projection problem
Object recognition is fast and flexible (can recognize from many angles despite occlusion), generalizes to new examples we’ve never seen before)
Stages in object processing within the brain
V1: Orientations
V2: border ownership
IT cortex: specific people
Gestalt Principles
Continuation
Similarity
Proximity
Familiarity
Closure
Bayesian Reasoning
(just the basic idea of choosing the most likely option given past and current knowledge)
Neurons that recognize two-dimensional shape parts
Deep networks model object recognition with millions of neurons
Upright Face Recognition expertise
Easier to processes faces when right side up
Chapter 5: Color
Photons do not have color, they just have wavelengths
Our mind creates the colors
The color spectrum: low energy = red, high energy = blue
Surfaces reflectance of real objects is complex
Light sources are also complex (“white” light can have lots of peaks and bumps)
Color reflectance of an object = illuminant * reflectance
Cone types: Red (L), Green (M),Blue(S)
L,M,S = wavelength = energy level of photon
3 Steps of color:
Detection (we have cones)
Discrimination (we have different cones that respond differently)
Appearance (Color opponency to simplify color space)
Opponent Colors
Additive vs Subtractive color mixing
Center Surround cells for color
Single opponent good for detecting regions
Double opponent good for detecting edges
Language and Color
Color perception affects the color words we have in any language
Our ability to perceive color is affected by the color categories we have
Color blindness
Many men have one missing cone type (partial color blindness)
Complete color blindness is very rare
Color Constancy: (ability to perceive colors despite changes in illuminant)
Color contrast
Discount the illuminant
Discount shadows
Use real world knowledge
The Dress (unclear what the illuminant is)
Chapter 6 Spatial Perception
The brain assumes Euclidean Geometry
Monocular Cues
Occlusion
Relative Size
Familiarity
Relative Height
Perspective convergence (railroad tracks)
Aerial perspective
Texture Gradient
Shadows
Binocular Cues
Depth information vs Feeling of depth
Binocular
gives a feeling of depth
Gives substantially improved depth perception over monocular
But only out to ~20 feet or so
Binocular disparity drives depth
Stereograms
