Public Health Functions

In 1998 the Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the National Academies of Science (NAS) published a review entitled “The futures of Public Health” setting out Core Public Health functions and the ten essential public health services. These Core Functions and Essential Services are presented in your textbook and discussed in lecture.

Assessment

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Monitor health status to identify and solve community health problems
Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community

Policy Development

Inform, educate, and empower people about health issues
Mobilize community partnerships and action to identify and solve health problems
Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts

Assurance

Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety
Link people to needed personal health services and assure the provision of health care when otherwise unavailable
Assure competent public and personal health care workforce
Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-based health services

Serving All Function

Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems

In this exercise you will review the current public health response to the Covid-19 outbreak and identify public health actions at the Federal and State/local level. The educational goal is to better understand the type of public health actions taken at both the State and Federal level.

Please complete both tables as described here.

Federal Level Public Health. (see attached Table 1)

Identify 3 Public Health Actions in each major Core Function.
For each public health action indicate:
1. Describe the action
2. Who is taking the action? (Which Federal Agency or other organization)
3. Explain why the action relates to the Core Function you identified.
4. Identify which essential service(s) are served by the Public Health action you selected.

State Level Public Health. (see attached Table 2)

Identify 3 Public Health Actions in each major Core Function.
For each public health action indicate:
1. Describe the action
2. Who is taking the action? (Which State Agency or other organization)
3. Explain why the action relates to the Core Function you identified.
4. Identify which essential service(s) are served by the Public Health action you selected.

Table 1: Federal Level Response: (e.g. CDC, NIH, FDA, White House Task Force)

Core Function	Federal Agency	Public Health Action Taken	Explain the Core Function and identify the essential service	Notes: (URL)
Assessment	CDC	Monitoring cases	CDC top brass closely monitors cases and finds best approaches to protect the public.
	NIH	Testing	NIH top officials ensure that monitoring of cases continues uninterrupted.
	FDA	Identify disaster-prone areas	The FDA database demarcates areas that are most prone to the effects of the virus.

Policy Development	Whitehouse	Executive order: Closing Public amenities	The president closing schools and sporting activities to minimize the spread of the virus.
	Whitehouse	Executive order: Defense production Act	The president ordering the industry to start producing ventilators.
	NIH	Warning against unapproved drug use	The NIH directors firmly warn the public against using unapproved drugs especially antibiotics.

Assurance	Whitehouse	Mobilizing funds	The president through the treasury department avails funds for PPEs, mobilizing health workers.
	CDC	Mobilizing health workers	The CDC ensures that every state is well covered in terms of health workers from different specialties.
	NIH	Directors workforce mobilization	The NIH director collaborates with leaders from national health bodies to ensure that they communicate uniform messages.

Research	NIH	Vaccine development	NIH scientists collaborate with their counterparts around the world to develop a reliable vaccine.
	CDC	Impact on other diseases	Scientists study the effect of the virus on other diseases, more also possible aggravations.
	FDA	Plasma Therapy Viability	Scientists study the efficacy of novel therapy such as the plasma therapy to treat patients.

Table 2: State Level Response: (e.g. Dept of Health, County level manager, State Governor/legislature etc.)

Core Function	Agency or NGO	Public Health Action Taken	Explain the Core Function and identify the essential service	Notes: (URL)
Assessment	Governor	Monitoring resources	The governor providers resources where they are required specially to purchase PPEs.
	Dept of Health	Testing	Health workers ensuring that testing is taking place as required.
	legislature	Mobilizing congresspersons	Congresspersons commune to discuss the best approach to tackle the pandemic in their state. Considering input from county level managers.

Policy Development	legislature	Developing emergency policy	Congresspersons enact relevant policy such as the conversion of schools into emergency treatment centers.
	Governor	Enacting policy	The governor assents to emergency policy in a timely manner.
	County level manager	Addressing gap areas	Ensuring cracks in emergency policy at county level is addressed. Accomplished in conjunction with community leaders who understand the most vulnerable areas.

Assurance	Governor	Enforcing curfew	Enforcing strict in-houses policy particularly during night time to contain people movements thus minimize virus transmissions. Enforced with police help.
	Dept of Health	Mobilizing health specialists	Gather the necessary health specialists and distribute them to all hospitals as necessary.
	County level manager	Mobilizing community workers	Gathering community workers to educate people on how to protect themselves.

Research	Dept of Health	Testing novel treatment methods	Examine new treatment methods such as symptomatic treatment and their effectiveness. The county epidemiologists will carry out this process.
	County level manager	Health worker performance	Assess community health workers reliability using the compliance officers to learn efficient operations.
	legislature	Studies on policy response	Audit effectiveness of novel policy by health committee members.

Public Health Functions

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