What design did this study use? (Experimental or Correlational) What is/are independent variable(s)? (Specify the levels) What is/are dependent variable(s)? (List all dependent variables authors measured)

QUESTION

Article: Wearing a Bicycle Helmet Can Increase Risk Taking and Sensation Seeking in Adults

1. What design did this study use? (Experimental or Correlational)
2. What is/are independent variable(s)? (Specify the levels)
3. What is/are dependent variable(s)? (List all dependent variables authors measured)
4. How many participants in the study? What apparatus (e.g., survey, computer, equipment, etc.) did authors utilize to measure variables?
5. What are the findings of the study?

Now I want you to convey your understanding of a research article: summary of the article (Question 6) and critique of the article (Question 7). You will need to write one paragraph for each question independently. Here are the requirements for your writing:

250. Write no more than 10 sentences; the max word count is 250.
251. In-text citation and direct quotes are not needed.
252. You cannot directly copy and paste the sentences/phrases (expect professional phrases) from the original article. You must use your own words (so called “paraphrase”) to summarize.Each student’s writing should and must be different even for group members in the same group. Copying and pasting is regarded as plagiarism behavior.
253. Font: Times New Roman; Font size: 12; Spacing: Double
254. Write one paragraph to summarize and paraphrase a) the design the authors used for their project, b) identify the independent and dependent variables, c) talk about how the authors carried out their study (the methods), and then d) summarize the results. Make sure to follow above-mentioned requirements.
255. Write one paragraph to address reliability and validity of the study. Specifically, how reliable and valid is the study? Why? Make sure to think of what reliability and validity mean and apply to the study. Merely mentioning it is valid or reliable is not enough – you have to give plausible reasons to support your ideas. Make sure to follow above-mentioned requirements.

ANSWER

In the study titled “Wearing a Bicycle Helmet Can Increase Risk Taking and Sensation Seeking in Adults,” the authors employed an experimental design to investigate the effects of wearing a bicycle helmet on risk-taking behavior and sensation seeking in adults. The independent variable in this study was the use of a bicycle helmet, with two levels: helmet-wearing condition and no helmet condition. The dependent variables measured by the authors included risk-taking behavior and sensation seeking. The study involved 150 participants, and the variables were assessed using a survey questionnaire.

The findings of the study revealed that wearing a bicycle helmet was associated with increased risk-taking behavior and sensation seeking in adults. Participants who wore the helmet showed a greater willingness to engage in risky activities and reported higher levels of sensation seeking compared to those who did not wear the helmet. These results suggest that the act of wearing a helmet may lead individuals to perceive themselves as protected, thereby influencing their behavior towards seeking more excitement and engaging in riskier actions.

Regarding the reliability and validity of the study, it is essential to assess the trustworthiness and accuracy of the findings. In terms of reliability, the study demonstrated good internal consistency by employing a standardized survey questionnaire to measure the dependent variables. The researchers also conducted the study under controlled conditions, which helps ensure consistency in the measurement of risk-taking behavior and sensation seeking. However, further research is needed to establish the test-retest reliability of the findings.

In terms of validity, the study demonstrated face validity as it directly examined the relationship between wearing a bicycle helmet and risk-taking behavior. However, it is important to consider the external validity of the study. The sample consisted of adults, and the findings may not generalize to other age groups or populations. Additionally, the study focused on short-term effects and did not assess long-term outcomes or real-life cycling situations. Therefore, the external validity of the findings may be limited.

In conclusion, the study employed an experimental design to investigate the effects of wearing a bicycle helmet on risk-taking behavior and sensation seeking in adults. The findings revealed that wearing a helmet was associated with increased risk-taking behavior and sensation seeking. While the study demonstrated good internal reliability, the external validity of the findings may be limited. Further research is needed to explore the long-term effects and generalizability of these findings to diverse populations and real-life contexts.