International Sport Coaching

International Sport Coaching

 

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  1. Introduction

This purpose of the assessment is to comparatively analyze Hong Kong’s coaching system and United State’s coaching system. The study is according to the International Sport Coaching Framework (ISCF) to compare the system and analyze. The purpose of the Framework is to provide an internationally recognized reference point for the education, development and recognition of coaches (ICCE, 2012). Due to the ISCF developing in a systematic and sustained manner system, all of the coaches around the world also can benefits of this framework. And the research will be based on the coaching roles, coaching objectives, coaching development analyze and compare.

 

The compare objects is Hong Kong’s coaching system and United State’s coaching system. Sport is an important part of the American culture and United States have a well development on it. For example, American football is the most popular and common at U.S. and National Football League (NFL) had brings U.S to the better development in football. NFL is one of the major professional sports league in the United States. Apart from this, the other three major professional sports leagues are Major League Baseball (MLB), National Basketball Association (NBA) and National Hockey League (NHL). As we can see that United States have a great development on sport and also the U.S. have the biggest piece of the pie at the market, as sports revenue there is expected to hit almost $69.1 billion in 2012. (Leslie Gevirtz, 2008)

 

Hong Kong is the researcher home nation therefore researcher was interested at the Hong Kong’s coaching system. After the study and comparatively analyze, we can found that the advantages and disadvantages of the coaching system and we can focus on the coaching system to make it better. For example, give some recommendation or suggestion to the sports association thus to improve the coaching system in Hong Kong. United States had a good development in sports and compares the coaching system with Hong Kong can find out the deficiencies and improve it.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. Issue being compared: Coaching Roles

 

2.1 Framework Proposal

The ISCF propose four main coaching roles: Coaching Assistant, Coach, Advanced/Senior Coach and Master/Head Coach. (ICCE, 2013) and these four coaching roles have different knowledge and competence. Increased experience and capability are often accompanied by higher levels of responsibility and more complex roles. (ICCE, 2013)

 

 

2.2 Analysis of situation in United States

The National Football League coaching structure also separate to four levels of coaches. And different coaches have different responsibilities. The four levels of the coaches is (a) the head coach, (b) the offensive and defensive coordinators, and special teams coordinator; (c) the offensive and defensive position coaches; (d) the assistants to position coaches, special teams’ assistants, and quality control assistants (Fee et al., 2006). NFL coaching structure almost can achieve the ICCE standard and they have the same coach duties on different levels, but there are unclear definition on the Coach and Advanced/Senior Coach. In NFL, they have not separated the coach and the Advanced/Senior Coach. NFL only based on the job duties to assign the position to the coach, so that there have no clear guidelines of hierarchism except head coach and coaching assistant. Although it is not a clear guideline of hierarchism, NFL still running an effective management structure. The management structure in the NFL has a highly corporate structure with clearly delineated authority hierarchies in both “front office”—personnel and business operations—and “field management”—football operations (Fee et al., 2006; Hill & Thomas 2010; Keidel, 1987). The front office needs to manage the whole team and the front office also has the most discretion on a team. But the discretion is not included the game play, it just on the management. The front office is usually headed by a general manager (GM) with significant authority in decisions involving the player roster (what players to draft, what free agents to acquire, what trades to make), player and coach compensation, hiring of coaches, and so forth. (Jomills Henry Braddock II, 2012). That means front office have the most discretion on a team and the second one is the head coach. About the job duties of different levels coaches, the NFL coaches also can match and achieve the standard of the ICCE.FOR example, in ISCF the head coach are Specialist and integrated level of knowledge and competence, recognized as an expert with highly developed decision-making skills. (ICCE, 2013) The main duty of their job is designing and overseeing management structures and development programmes for other coaches (ICCE, 2013). That’s what the head coach at NFL doing. The head coach of the NFL need to making the important decisions and make sure things get done on the practice field. Also they need facing the press corps to talk about every decision he’s made after the game. (Andrew Garda, 2013). As we can see, the NFL had the great coaching roles framework. It also benefit to the sports development in U.S.  There is no doubt that NFL is a successful league around the world.

 

2.3 Analysis of situation in Hong Kong

There is lot of sport association in Hong Kong. For example, Hong Kong Basketball Association (HKBA), Hong Kong Tennis Association (HKTA), Hong Kong China Rowing Association (HKCRA)etc. Different sports associations have different coaching structure and operation. About the Hong Kong China Rowing Association (HKCRA), The HKCRA Coaching Structure is divided into 4 levels, starting from Club Coaching Assistant, upgrading to Level I, II and III. if the rowers want to become a rowing coach must complete the  HKCRA rowing coaching course and pass in relevant examination. The course includes part A sport theory, part B, C and part D practical session.(HKCRA,2020) HKCRA also have four level of coaches, it same with the ISCF but there are some different the job duties. In ICCE, the Advanced/Senior Coach can works independently and plays a leading role in the structure of the programme. Manages the development of Coaches, Coaching Assistants and pre-coaches and Plans, delivers, leads and evaluates coaching sessions and seasons.(ICCE,2012). It should be what the LEVEL II COACH at the HKCAR need to do. But in HKCRA, the job duties of level II coaches and level III are the same. They have the same job duties on the coaching structure. they also eligible to coach Star three or above level rowing courses and Community Sports Clubs’ training and need to design Indoor rowing training scheme, On-water training/competition and  Act as examiner in Galaxy Rowing Course and Youth Rowing Course.(HKCRA,2020). So there is no different on the job duties, just the title being change. It may affect the level II coaches’ don’t want to waste the time to being a level III coach because it take 64 hours.32 hours to take the course and 32 hours to have a practical. Besides that, the job duties of the level I coach in HKCRA can match and achieve to the ISCF what coaches do. Finally, the club coaching assistants at HKCRA also match and achieve to the ISCF what coaching assistant need to do. Coaching assistant need to assists in the delivery of sessions and supports the engagement of pre-coaches (ICCE, 2013).The club coaching assistants in HKCRA need to Assist Level one or above coaches to provide guidance for correct indoor rowing skills or help to Demonstration.

 

2.4 Conclusion/ Comments

As we can see that NFL in U.S had a great development, maybe there is a little bit unclear definition on the Coach and Advanced/Senior Coach but there still running a effective operation and each position coach have comes up there function to help the team, that why NFL can be so successful. On the other hand, according to the HKCRA website we can see that there are no different job duties between the level III and level II coaches, so it may affect the coaches stay at the level II and stop study on sports. However, U, S is a good learning model on it because there structure had separate very detail and different position coaches have different task in the NFL. It can increase the effectiveness on a team.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. Issue being compared: Coaching objectives

 

3.1 Framework Proposal

The definition of the coaching objectives in ISCF is the Coaches are responsible for identifying the specific objectives they are seeking to achieve with their athletes and Coaches should also develop a clear sense of why they are striving for these objectives, informed by their values, philosophy and interaction with athletes (ICCE, 2013). Teaching lifelong lessons is also important to the athletes; it should be included respect and opportunity, fair play and sportsmanship, trust and teamwork, competition and success, health and fitness etc.

 

3.2 Analysis of situation in United States

USA basketball is one of the famous sport organizations in United States. USA basketball is recognized by The International Basketball Federation (FIBA) and the United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee (USOPC). The responsibilities of USA basketball is training, selection and fielding of USA teams to compete in FIBA sponsored international basketball competitions and some international basketball competitions (USAB, 2020). Besides that, USA basketball also develops the youth basketball and coach education. USA basketball can achieve the coaching objectives in ISCF. In ICCE, it is important to teaching lifelong lessons. The NBA and USA Basketball are committed to helping shape a youth basketball environment that prioritizes the health and well-being of young athletes and promotes their enjoyment and development in the game (USAB, 2020). It shows that’s the USA basketball can goals to the Health and fitness, and giving athlete’s opportunity step to higher levels on basketball. The training in USA basketball included many game plays, and the training separate different ages to make the training and game being fair. For example, the Playing Segment has ages 7-8 ages 9-11, ages 12-14 and grades 9-12, so there will not have a big difference of the performance during the game training. Moreover, the training groups have the nearly ages and it will not cause a generation gap and the athletes can build the great communication skill too. Children can learn the value of working as part of a group and the importance of reciprocal trust for the achievement of mutual goals (ICCE, 2013). In order to improve their skills, competitiveness and sense of success, USA Basketball had set up a lots of game of competition, for example, USA Basketball Alliance Tournaments. The USA Basketball Tournament Alliance is a network of tournaments recognized for their commitment to upholding youth basketball standards and guidelines developed by USA Basketball and the NBA (USAB, 2020). Competition can let the players learn how to com-pete and the athletes also can learn to appreciate the link between effort and personal improvement, regardless the win or loss of the game. Seen in this light, USA basketball not only has a superior coaching content and development, USA basketball also teaching lifelong lessons in the content. This can improve the quality of the basketball player. That’s why United States have a good achievement in basketball or sports development.

 

3.3 Analysis of situation in Hong Kong

Hong Kong Sports Institute (HKSI) provide an environment in which talented Hong Kong sportsmen and sportswomen have the opportunity to achieve at the highest level in sport and advancement in sports education (HKSI,2020) HKSI not only provide the training and the venue to the elite sports players. HKSI also provide sports science, sports medicine and nutritionist to the athletes so the elite sports player can focus on improve the sports performance and helps Hong Kong achieve good results in international competitions. In order to train the athletes effective, there are some ethical principles with the HKSI coach and they need to follow. One of the principles is   respect and dignity; Coaches respect the fundamental rights, dignity, and worth of all participants. Coaches are aware of cultural, individual, and role differences, including those due to age, gender, race, ethnicity, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, disability, language, family status, and socioeconomic status (HKSI CCE, 2011). On the premise of mutual respect, the athletes can learn to respect to the coach and the competitor. That’s what ICCE mentions respect is important in sports. Besides that, HKSI also work closely with the national sports associations and cooperate with different sectors of the community, education and sports training institutions. It not only helps the elite sports athletes participate in the international competition and also give them some Vocational skills training or job opportunity. It can achieve the respect and opportunity, competition and success in the coaching objectives of the ISCF. HKSI also can achieve the Health and fitness too, HKSI provide a lot of assistance to their fitness programmes, and it is not worry on their health and fitness. Even HKSI will provide a planned lunch box to the athletes. At last, they can also build the trust and teamwork, it is important between the athletes Nutritionist, physical therapist and doctors. Reciprocal trust for the achievement of mutual goals is important (ICCE, 2013)

 

3.4 Conclusion/ Comments

United States and Hong Kong also can achieve the coaching objectives of the ISFC. These two countries perform excellent in the coaching objectives. Apart from the Good training content these two countries also can provide teaching lifelong lessons in the programmes. For example, they can teach the athletes learn to respect, become sportsmanship and build their sense of success during the competition.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. Issue being compared: Coaching Development

 

4.1 Framework Proposal

It takes many time, practice, motivation and application to being a coach. Coaches grow through exposure to learning situations and opportunities over a sustained period (ICCE, 2013). And the ICCE give some suggestion to the coaches at the International Sport Coaching Framework. For example, suggest the coaches reflect and build on them, encouraged them to take responsibility for their learning and take account of the way they like to learn etc. Therefore, provide learning opportunities to the coaches is very important in a country. It can increase the quality of the coaches and also improve the performance of the athletes.

 

4.2 Analysis of situation in United States

Keep studying is important to a coach. Coaches can enhance their value through learning different knowledge. For example, nutrition, sports psychology and sports science. In United States, some sport associations provide the coach education program to their coaches, like USA field Hockey. In order to increase the quality of the coaches, USA field Hockey provided two education programs. The first level is level 1 Instructional Coaching Clinic and the association recommended this program to the field hockey coaches of all levels. The program of Level 1 Instructional Coaching Clinic will discuss about the Importance of Coaching Philosophy, Coaching as a Profession – How to Coach Principles, Learning & Age-Appropriate Development Principles and Introduction to “Teaching Games for Understanding (United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee,2020). And the other program for the coaches is Level 2 Instructional Coaching Clinic, the discussions and the presentations will be more thorough and diversification in the class. The coaching content is teaching games for understanding & guided discovery/learning principles, teaching some difficult game play and participate in on-field group presentations covering important Coaching topics (United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee, 2020). The aim of the program is to developing the coaches’ coaching Philosophy. Coaches need to motivate to learn and find the relevant learning materials also encouraged to take responsibility for their learning (ICCE, 2013).Therefore, coaches can gain more knowledge to improve their coaching quality. Besides the coaching program at USA Field Hockey, USA Field Hockey also organizes some workshop to the coaches. For example: technical skills workshop and goalkeeping workshop. As we can see that United States have provide enough education to the coaches and it can ensure the level, quality and standard of coaching.

 

4.3 Analysis of situation in Hong Kong

Hong Kong Coaching Committee is a joint committee of the Sports Federation and Olympic Committee of Hong Kong, China (SF&OC) and the Hong Kong Sports Institute (HKSI), was established in July 1991 to formulate short-term and long-term strategies for the development of coach education (HKCC, 2015). HKCC have provided a Continuing Coach Education Programme (CCEP) to the coaches. The aim of the CCEP is to update their theoretical knowledge and practical expertise, maintain the quality of accredited coach and provide a channel for coaches to communicate with each other (HKCC, 2015). HKCC provided different type of programme to the coaches. For example, some theory and practice course about Enhancing Athletes’ Motivation, sports taping skills and Sport Massage Therapy in Chinese Medicine etc. Any coaches interest at it, they also can take the course to improve them self. This committee is for all the coaches of Hong Kong, not only one sport. So it can focus on improve the quality of the coaches. It is important that the coaches keep learning new things or continue to have education. One of the suggestion in ISCF is the coaches need to be motivated to learn and find the relevant learning materials (ICCE, 2013). As we can see that the HKCC have provided a good way to let the coaches study and improve themselves.

 

4.4 Conclusion/ Comments

Hong Kong have a good performance on coaching development, Hong Kong have their own Coaching Committee (HKCC) to educate the coaches. Besides the sports association, the coaches can take the course at the HKCC to improve themselves. But in USA the education programme is only limited at the sports association.

 

  1. Overall Conclusion and Recommendation

Based on the coaching roles, United States almost can achieve the standard of ICCE. In the ISCF, the coach roles have divided to 4 levels coaches, Coaching Assistant, Coach, Advanced/Senior Coach and Master/Head Coach (ICCE, 2013). But Hong Kong’s coaching structure is not perfect, like the HKCRA, level III and level II have the same job duties. So I recommend that the sport association in Hong Kong can refer to the ISCF to set a coaching structure and redefine the different level of coaches and the job duties. It cans development a better hierarchy of coaches. About the coaching objectives, United States and Hong Kong also performs excellent, they also can teaching the students lifelong lessons, not only of the sports technique. For example, these two counties can teach the students learn to respect, become sportsmanship and build their sense of success during the competition. That’s what the ICCE mention in the coaching objectives. At last, Hong Kong has a better coaching development than United States; it is because the coach education programme is only provided by the sport club or associations in U.S. and the programme are mainly focus on the sport technique, like, USA field Hockey. USA field Hockey designs some Instructional Coaching Clinic to the coaches to improve their knowledge of Hockey and coaching skills. On the other hand, Hong Kong have an own Coaching Committee, HKCC provide lot of course to the coach from different sports. And the course not only about the sports skills, it also about the sports science, coaching skills and sport psychology etc. These are very helpful to the coach in teaching. In contrast, the coaching development in U.S is poor. So I recommend that United States can set up an organization for the coach education. The organization is aim to provide the education to all the coaches in U.S, and the content is about the sports skills, sports science, coaching skills and sport psychology etc, just like what HKCC do. And I believe than it will be very effective and popular.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

6. Reference

Andrew Garda (06, 2013) A Detailed List of an NFL Coach’s Responsibility Retrieved

Fee, C. E., Hadlock, C. J., & Pierce, J. R. (2006). Promotions in the internal and external labor market: Evidence from professional football coaching careers. Journal of Business, 79(2), 821–850 RetrievedFrom:https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1666834-a-detailed-list-of-an-nfl-coachs-responsibility

 

Hill, A., & Thomas, D. (2010). Reversing the queue: Performance, legitimacy, and minority hiring in the National Football League (Working Paper No. 11-032).Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School.

 

HKCC (2015) Hong Kong Coaching Committee Retrieved From: http://www.hkcoaching.com/tc/programmes

 

HKCRA (2020) Hong Kong China Rowing Association Coaching Structure Retrieved From: http://www.rowing.org.hk/coaching-structure/

 

HKSI (2020) Hong Kong Sport Institute Retrieved From: https://www.hksi.org.hk/tc/

 

HKSI CCE (2011) Hong Kong Sports Institute Coaching Code of Ethics Retrieved

From:https://www.hksi.org.hk/training-the-athletes/high-performance-coaching/hksi-coaching-code-of-ethics/

 

ICCE (2012) International Sport Coaching Framework Version 1.1.Human Kinetics.

 

ICCE (2013) International Sport Coaching Framework Version 1.2.Human Kinetics.

 

Jomills Henry Braddock II, Eryka Smith and Marvin P. Dawkins (2012). Race and Pathways to Power in the National Football League

 

Keidel, R. (1987). Team sports models as a generic organizational framework. Human Relations, 40(9), 591–612

 

Leslie Gevirtz (06, 2008) Global sports market to hit $141 billion in 2012 Retrieved from:https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pwcstudy/global-sports-market-to-hit-141-billion-in-2012-idUSN1738075220080618

 

United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee (2020) USA Field Hockey Retrieved From: https://www.teamusa.org/usa-field-hockey/coaches/coach-education-program

 

USAB (2020) USA Basketball Retrieved From: https://www.usab.com/

 

 

 

 

 

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