BIOL1406 Final Exam Review

1. Recognize a hypothesis and determine its validity.
2. Recognize the symbols/names of the most common elements in organisms.
3. Describe the arrangement of subatomic particles in atoms.
4. Compare and contrast covalent bonds and ionic bonds.
5. Define electronegativity, polar, and nonpolar.
6. Describe hydrogen bonding
7. List and describe the properties of water.
8. Be able to identify functional groups and know the characteristics of each.
9. List the 4 main types of biomolecules and give examples of each.
10. Explain the concept of monomers and polymers as they relate to biomolecules.
11. What happens during a dehydration reaction?
12. What happens during hydrolysis reactions?
13. Describe the basic structure of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids.
14. Compare monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides – gives examples of each.
15. Describe the composition of phospholipids and their importance in biological membranes.
16. What are the levels of protein structure? What types of bonds/interactions result in the various levels of protein structure?
17. Define diffusion and osmosis.
18. Describe the different osmotic tonicities.
19. Explain the functions of the cell structures in eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
20. Compare and contrast eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
21. Recognize a mitochondrion and label its structures.
22. Provide a biological example of an oxidation-reduction reaction.
23. Explain how enzymes lower the energy of activation for chemical reactions.
24. How are enzymes regulated?
25. Compare and contrast Anabolic and Catabolic reactions.
26. Compare and contrast Endergonic and Exergonic reactions.
27. What is DG and how is it related to chemical reactions?
28. What are the different forms of energy?
29. What are the laws of thermodynamics?
30. Distinguish between the light reaction and the Calvin cycle.
31. State the importance of photosynthesis in a plant and to other organisms.
32. List and give a brief overview of the major stages of aerobic (cellular) respiration.
33. Indicate where each stage of aerobic respiration takes place in a eukaryotic cell.
34. Compare and contrast fermentation and aerobic respiration.
35. Explain how nucleotide subunits link to form a single DNA strand.
36. State the base-pairing rules for DNA and describe how complementary bases bind.
37. Describe the process of DNA replication. What molecules are necessary?
38. Compare the structures of DNA and RNA.
39. Compare and contrast meiosis and mitosis.
40. Discuss the locations and functions of diploid and haploid cells.
41. Describe the activities of the stages of mitosis and meiosis.
42. Explain the relationship of an allele to a gene.
43. Explain the difference between homozygous and heterozygous.
44. Describe the relationship between dominant and recessive alleles, incompletely dominant alleles, and co-dominant alleles.
45. Explain the relationship between genotype and phenotype.
46. What are the 4 types of chromosomal damage?
47. What is nondisjunction and what happens as a result?
48. What are “linked” and “unlinked” genes?
49. Describe the process of Transcription.
50. What molecular components are necessary for Transcription?
51. Describe the process of Translation.
52. What molecular components are necessary for Translation?
53. What are the 3 types of point mutations and what effects do they have on translation?
54. What is a frameshift mutation?